This study addresses the challenge of automation surprise (AS) in air traffic management, where operator expectations do not always match system behavior. Traditional safety assessments lack the tools to identify such risks. A new expectation-centered approach was developed, reframing AS as a Discrepancy of Expectation. A guideline was created and tested across three automation cases. Results show that higher levels of automation were easier to analyze, revealing a need to support implicit knowledge in assessments. The study recommends refining the guidelines to detect automation-related risks better.
The report is availble here: https://fudinfo.trafikverket.se/fudinfoexternwebb/Publikationer/Publikationer_007701_007800/Publikation_007789/D-2024-367959%20Final%20Report%20Säkerhetsbedömning%20Ny%20Teknik%202030.pdf